Design Considerations in Molecular Epidemiology
نویسندگان
چکیده
There is a wide range of biomarkers that can be used in population-based molecular epidemiological studies of cancer. These include biomarkers of exposure, intermediate endpoints (e.g., biomarkers of early biological effect), disease, and susceptibility (1-7) (Fig. l). Hypothesis-driven biomarkefs have been used for many years in molecular epidemiology studies of cancer (e.9., measurement of xenobiotics and endogenous carcinogens, macromolecular adducts, cytogenetic endpoints in cultured lymphocytes, DNA mutations in tumor suppressor genes, and phenotypic and genotypic measures of genetic variation in candidate genes). Perhaps the most revolutionary change that has occurred in molecular epidemiology in the past several years has been the emergence of discovery technologies that can been incorporated into a variety of study designs and include genome-wide scans of common genetic variants, messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA expression rurays, proteomics, and metabolomics (also referred to as metabonomics) (8-14). These approaches are allowing investigators to explore biological
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